The Ottoman Empire
The Arab conquest of Palestine came in the 7th century and Arab and Muslim rule continued uninterrupted – save for 88 years of Crusader rule over Jerusalem in 1099-1187 – until the European imperial encroachment of the 19th century, which culminated when British imperialism defeated the Ottoman Empire and occupied Palestine in 1918. The Ottoman period witnessed the rise of Arab nationalism, part of the broader wave of nationalism sweeping over the territories of Asia and Africa, as these societies attempted to negotiate the encounter with European modernity and the imposition of western colonial rule. Palestinian intellectuals, contributing to the broader Arab intellectual and political life, were likewise influenced by both the doctrine of nationalism and the principle of self-determination.